Xmas special: Sekigahara (1600)

And now for something completely different (as they say) ...

Mark continued his fine tradition of running a Christmas special for us. As always, the setting was a surprise, not unveiled until we turned up to play. And a real surprise it was this time: whereas I think all the previous ones have been 19th-century battles with 6mm figures, this time we found ourselves transported to feudal Japan and a table covered with chunky 28s.

Although Mark did not tell us the actual historical battle until afterwards, the game was based on a famous one for a change: Sekigahara (1600), an epic battle involving >150,000 men, which ushered in two and a half centuries of the Tokugawa Shogunate. This worked out perfectly for Mark to script it for seven of us players.

There were three of us in the Eastern Alliance. I was its leader, Tokugawa Ieyasu, commanding our right wing. On my left was the stolid but dependable Fukushima Masanori (Dave W). Guarding our line of communications and supporting us was the somewhat tardy Asano Yoshinaga (Phil).

The Western Alliance had four players: their leader, Ishida Mitsunari (Crispin) - a politician rather than a general - facing me; the unpredictable Ukita Hideie (Nick O) opposite Dave; Mori Hideie (Dave T) and Kobayakawa Hideaki (Bruce), neither of whose forces were on-table initially.

15 photos and captions below tell the story. Then there are some reflections at the end.

My contingent, the right wing of our army, with me (Ieyasu) in the middle. Potent mounted samurai are flanked by columns of samurai on foot, followed by ashigaru soldiery with arquebuses or bows. I believe these are Dixon 28mm figures, painted by Mark nearly 40 years ago and not used for over 30.

A couple of turns in and I have deployed my infantry with the missile troops screening the samurai. At top of picture, Mitsunari has likewise advanced and deployed, erecting obstacles to protect his cowardly self from my assault. Left of pic is the town of Sekigahara itself (labelled anonymously as "Post Town" for the game), an objective for the Eastern Alliance to secure victory, but now seized by Mitsunari. My personal objectives (everyone had secret personal objectives) included conducting an assault, destroying an enemy unit, and one of my units having advanced beyond the Post Town by game end.

To my left, Masanori loyally pushes forward, trying to envelop and take the Post Town nestled among its paddy fields. However, Ukita's force can be seen top of pic, descending from Mt Tenma to confront him.

The table was deep rather than wide. Here we see the half behind our Eastern Alliance front line. Asano's infantry guard the village and bridge objectives, while his cavalry scout the heights of Mt Nangu. As well that they should do so ...

... as Mori's force appears there, threatening to descend on our line of communications. Note also Mori's small cavalry contingent (bottom right) about to be a nuisance to me. Top right: some Christmas cracker debris. As usual, Mark used cracker pulls to resolve some particular events during the game.

Battle is joined! The first of my multiple attempts to break Mitsunari's line. Lower right, Ieyasu himself fights in the front line. This was an option Mark added to the rules. A general who fought added +1 to his side's dice and had the chance to gain honour ( = earn a Victory Point) but, of course, risked death.

Dave (Masanori) likewise launched assaults. Unfortunately, his attacks on the defended town would prove costly and unsuccessful and leave his left wing outnumbered by Ukita's men.

My cavalry reserve (top right) fails to respond to Dave T's sneaky patrol in my rear. My cavalry would be plagued by dismal movement rolls all evening and failed to see any combat. Perhaps they were wiser than their leader.

Aha! At last my horsemen turn and head for the enemy cavalry - who will evade, of course.

On my wing, the battle consists of repeated inconclusive charges and countercharges over several turns.

It can't last. Here both Ieyasu and Mitsunari attempt to inspire their troops by example. Ieyasu is slain; the following turn, he is avenged when Mitsunari perishes as well.

My cavalry scare off their opposite numbers on Mt Nangu. I considered piling into Mori's infantry, but chose to turn round to support my own and seek to achieve the elusive breakthrough that would let my troops advance beyond the Post Town. That didn't happen.

The turning point of the battle. Hard to tell who's who, but the gist is this. On our left, Masanori (Dave) (light blue labels) was facing Ukita (Nick) and having the worst of it. Things looked dire when Kobayakawa (Bruce) (darker blue labels) arrived from top left to back up Nick. However, Bruce's main victory condition was to end up clearly committed to whichever side won. He decided the best way to do this was to turn coat, abandon the Western Alliance, join our Eastern Alliance and stab Nick in the back. Half Nick's force was swiftly wiped out. This effectively ended the battle.

Game end on my side. My infantry had ground forward, but not far enough. My cavalry loiter at bottom of pic with their swords unbloodied. I (Ieyasu) have died honourably in battle - but I still died.

Betrayed and defeated, Nick (Ukita) asked if he could commit seppuku. Mark had anticipated just such an eventuality and had a rule for it. Here we see Ukita has rolled 4, enough to do so honourably. His loyal retainers attend him.

Final scores I think were:

Eastern Alliance:

    Dave W - 4

    Phil - 4

    Me - 2

Western Alliance:

    Crispin - 4

    Nick - 4

    Dave T - 2

Hence scores were tied, but Bruce's treachery threw his VPs into the scales to make it a win for the Eastern Alliance and (I believe) Bruce the individual winner with a maximum possible score of 5.




Reflections

The rules worked. Mark used our standard "Bloody Big BATTLES!" rules for 19th-century battles. Shunting BBB back another 200 years didn't seem to be a problem at all. Mark mostly just applied existing Attributes to create the appropriate troop types. Apart from the rule for generals in combat, the only significant change was some tweaking of ranges and shifts for the missile weapons.

The big figures on big bases worked. Mark's 28s are on wider bases than BBB's standard 1"x1": 40mm, I guess.  By making unit frontages wider, I felt this actually helped to make the battle suitably more linear, with less of the fluid maneuver and outflanking that we get in more typical BBB games. And of course, 28s just look good (and as Dave T said, "we can actually see them!").

Wargaming meets role-playing. In normal BBB games, there aren't many unknowns and there's very little fog of war. In these Xmas specials, though, we don't know how long the battle will last, or how many enemy we are up against, or where they all are or what exactly they're trying to do, or even what our own comrades are really up to. That takes more effort to create, and only works as a one-off, but I suppose makes it a truer simulation than the average wargame, as well as a richer experience. And, naturally, it gave us (OK, mostly me) the opportunity for bad accents and plenty of cultural references.

Good sportsmanship. I can only applaud the equanimity with which Nick greeted Bruce's treachery. He fought gamely on for the one turn or so until his defeat was clear, then took the honourable way out, having uttered hardly any swearwords. His good sportsmanship was rewarded when he was joint individual winner on the Western Alliance side.

ACW battlefields between Nashville and Atlanta

Last month I spent a fascinating five days visiting six American Civil War battlefields between Nashville and Atlanta. I'm reporting on these, not so much to tell you all about what's there - you can find all that on the web (after all, that's what I did) - but to show how much there is to see on that 250-mile corridor and how feasible it is to see it. Hopefully that will encourage some of you to make similar trips and get as much out of them as I did from mine.

Step 1 was to fly to Atlanta - a hub airport, hence well served and relatively easy to get to from inside or outside the US.

Step 2: a 4-hour drive from Atlanta to Franklin (just SW of Nashville), doglegging west via Huntsville AL to avoid retracing our steps and to see some different scenery.

The advantage of that route was that we got to visit the US Space & Rocket Center in Huntsville on the way. What a magnificent place! A Saturn V, a training Space Shuttle, a bit of Skylab, moon rock, untold rockets both military and peaceful exploratory, a planetarium, tons of other stuff, all in a fabulous facility ... a real bonus.

Step 3: right, now for the battlefields. The war yo-yo'd up and down along this corridor, so the sequence I visited them in didn't match their historical chronology. Even so, it really helped me to join the dots and understand the battles in their campaign context and in relation to each other, rather than just as isolated events on a 6'x4' tabletop. The six in question, with the driving distances between them, were these:

#1: Franklin

#2: Stones River (about 40 minutes east of Franklin, SE of Nashville).

#3: Chickamauga (on the southern outskirts of Chattanooga, about 2 hours from Franklin/Nashville)

#4: Chattanooga (Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge), in Chattanooga itself.

#5: Resaca (an hour from Chattanooga, halfway along the 2-hour drive from Chattanooga to Kennesaw Mountain).

#6: Kennesaw Mountain (an hour beyond Resaca, NW of Atlanta).

All were big battles, among the largest 30 of the whole war, involving at least 30,000 or so men on each side (hence qualifying for "Bloody Big BATTLES!" scenarios - of which #2, 3 and 4 are already done).

The dozen photos that follow are not intended as any kind of comprehensive illustration, but just as a few snapshots annotated with pertinent comments/summaries, to interest or amuse and give a little flavour, rather than to exhaustively inform.

Battlefield #1: Franklin, Tennessee (30 November 1864)

Franklin has been called the "Pickett's Charge of the West", complete with its own highwater mark. After Sherman took Atlanta, rather than counterattacking directly, Confederate general John Bell Hood moved against Sherman's line of communications. He almost managed to catch the Union forces divided and defeat them in detail, but missed the opportunity. Frustrated, he launched a massed frontal assault against the Union army that was now concentrated and entrenched around Franklin. It resulted in a bloody repulse that wrecked his army.

Much of the battlefield is now covered by urban development but, remarkably, the heart of it has actually been reclaimed - two fast-food restaurants and some residential buildings bulldozed and turned into battlefield park, with plans to expand it. The Battle of Franklin Trust maintains three historic buildings, of which the Carter House at the centre of the Union line is the most important and hosts the museum of the battle. I signed up for a battlefield tour and had the privilege of a knowledgeable and enthusiastic guide to myself for 90 minutes. (And I believe he appreciated having a relatively knowledgeable visitor to discuss the battle with.) His punchline was to tell me about General Douglas MacArthur's pa, Arthur MacArthur Jr.

One of the thousands of casualties in the battle was this unfortunate Confederate brigadier. Yes, his name really is "States Rights Gist".

The inside of one of the outbuildings at the Carter House, peppered with bulletholes. Confederate marksmanship stands condemned by the fact that all the windowpanes appear to have remained intact.

Battlefield #2: Stones River (31 December 1862 to 2 January 1863).

Now we step back to very early in the war. Braxton Bragg's Confederate army was advancing on Nashville, where Rosecrans was ensconced and being too passive for Lincoln's liking. The President pushed Rosecrans into advancing against Bragg. Thus the armies met at Stones River, both planning to attack, but the Confederates beat the Union to the punch. The Confederate assault drove the Union forces back but a stand by Sheridan averted total disaster on the first day. A renewed assault on 2 January ran into a devastating Union gun line. Bragg had lost and was forced to withdraw.

The battlefield has a very good Visitor Center, from which you can then use the National Park Service app to follow a self-driving tour by car, stopping at various points to listen to an account of what happened there.

The local geology creates some unusual terrain. This is the so-called 'Slaughter Pen' where Sheridan's men put up their tough fight.

Battlefield #3: Chickamauga (18-20 September, 1863)

Two hours' drive from Franklin/Nashville is Chattanooga. The Chickamauga battlefield is a little way south of town. This is the battle I was most familiar with beforehand, as it is one of my favourite ACW scenarios and I have played or reffed it several times. It was also the first ACW battlefield to be designated a national military park in 1890. Hence it is really well preserved and dotted with 700 or so monuments and markers on its miles and miles of roads and trails through the woods.

Since Stones River, Rosecrans had first maneuvered Bragg back towards Chattanooga and then forced him out of this crucial junction of multiple rail and river lines. However, in doing so through outflanking maneuvers, Rosecrans left his army divided and vulnerable to counterattack. Bragg seized this opportunity and tried to fall on the US XXI Corps, but delaying actions enabled the Union forces to concentrate. Nevertheless, half the Union army was routed. This time it was General Thomas (the 'Rock of Chickamauga') who made a stand so that the Union army could retreat into Chattanooga, where it dug in. Thus, although it was a tactical victory for the Confederacy, it was a strategic failure.

Like Stones River, Chickamauga has a very fine visitor center and museum. First we did a 1-hour driving tour with a guide, then a longer self-driving tour to see the rest of the battlefield. (It also has what we Brits might call "toilets", but what the more refined and genteel folk who run the park have christened the "comfort pavilion". This term has now entered regular use in our household.)

The Chickamauga Creek at Alexander's Bridge, where Wilder's "Lightning Brigade" armed with repeating rifles held up the Rebs for vital hours. It's not a huge river but you can see it has pretty steep banks.

Battlefield #4: Chattanooga (Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge) (24 & 25 November 1863)

After Chickamauga, Bragg settled down to besiege Rosecrans in Chattanooga. The town and railroads were on the south side of the Tennessee River, and Confederate batteries commanded the river, so the Union Army of the Cumberland was in a tricky situation for a while. However, help was at hand. Rosecrans was removed, replaced by Thomas. A relief column under Hooker arrived, followed by more reinforcements. The Union forces now significantly outnumbered Bragg's. First Hooker stormed Lookout Mountain on the Confederate left flank. The next day, he combined with Thomas to storm the main Confederate position along Missionary Ridge.

"Point Park" on Lookout Mountain is well preserved, small and walkable

Dramatic view of Chattanooga from Confederate battery position on Lookout Mountain. It's high and steep (actual cliffs in some places) - so steep that the Confederate guns had trouble depressing enough to fire on the Union soldiers climbing up the slopes.

Triumphant Illinois monument at the location of Bragg's HQ on the centre of Missionary Ridge. This is where the third Union assault succeeded, after assaults at either end had failed.

Missionary Ridge is looong - about 6 miles. Most of it is covered with expensive hilltop homes, so touring the battlefield means driving along a winding road with a 20mph speed limit and lots of speed bumps (but no ditches or abattis, at least). On the plus side, it is punctuated with lots of information panels like those in the photo above, noting which regiments were where, etc. This pic is from the Sherman Reservation, a park at the northern end of the ridge.

Battlefield #5: Resaca (13-15 May 1864)

After Chattanooga, Bragg was replaced by Johnston, while Sherman took command over the three Union armies now there and began to advance on Atlanta. With his superior numbers, he was able to maneuver Johnston out of successive positions by outflanking him. Resaca was an exception where Sherman launched frontal attacks against an entrenched Confederate position. These attacks bounced off and it took yet another outflanking move to make Johnston withdraw.

As a grand tactical engagement, Resaca is not especially interesting, but it was the size of Gettysburg in terms of numbers engaged (albeit not as bloody or pivotal). People happily wargame much duller battles. It therefore puzzles me why it seems so entirely absent from our wargaming consciousness - leastways, I hadn't really heard of it much before, and searching my usual wargaming forum haunts found virtually no mention of it.

The battlefield itself is more a nature trail than a battlefield park. In fairness, I only had time for a brief walk along a portion of the line (no driving tour here) so I may have missed some interesting features. Still, I got some sense of the ground.

A view along the trail that I think marks where the Confederate trenches were, along the lower slopes of the ridge. Not really a right angle in the line, just an artifact of my poor attempt at a panoramic shot. 

This gives a typical view from the Confederate lines, showing what the Union troops had to cross when they emerged from the woods on the opposite ridge: a flat, open valley bottom, with a creek winding through it just to add to their difficulties (though at this particular spot, apparently, it provided excellent cover once their attack stalled).

Battlefield #6: Kennesaw Mountain (27 June 1864)

One of the last in the series of Confederate positions delaying Sherman's march to Atlanta. Again, the Confederates were strongly entrenched. Feint attacks against each end were followed by a main assault in the center. Again, the assaults were repulsed; again, it was a subsequent wider outflanking move that forced the Confederate army out of the position; again, much like Resaca, this is a battle nearly as large as Gettysburg, yet one we rarely hear about.

Unlike Resaca, Kennesaw Mountain has a good visitor center and museum and another NPS self-driving tour.

The highlight of the day was not the battlefield itself but the fact that I finally got to meet my longtime online friend and collaborator, Konstantinos Travlos, of "Leadhead, PhD" fame and author of "Bloody Big Balkan Battles!". (This was eight years later than we originally planned: I was going to visit him in Istanbul in 2016, but had to cancel my trip because of an attempted coup.) We rendezvoused at the Basecamp restaurant, where we had a very pleasant lunch together with his lovely family, then toured the battlefield together.

The man himself! Konstantinos manning a Confederate gun. These two were camouflaged and defending a ravine that seemed a likely approach into their lines - so it proved, and they did a deadly job, pinning down the Union attackers.

A Union attacker's-eye view, showing the scale of the earthworks in which the Confederates were entrenched.

Battlefields I didn't visit

There were also major battles just outside Nashville and Atlanta themselves, and at Peachtree Creek (now in the outskirts of Atlanta). These battlefields have all been lost to urbanisation. There are quite a few monuments, isolated redoubts, etc, dotted around them, though, for anyone with more time and inclination than I had. There were also numerous other smaller battles that fall below my BBB horizon but are not without interest.

In summary, this part of the world is easily accessible and is rich in Civil War history for those of us who like that sort of thing. If that includes you and you haven't been there yet, I encourage you to go.

PS - Oops, nearly forgot - Stone Mountain carvings

Something you may or may not want to add to your trip: Stone Mountain, kind of the Confederate version of Mount Rushmore. Just east of Atlanta, in the middle of Stone Mountain Park, is a massive mountain with a huge bas-relief of Confederate generals and soldiers carved into its side. Follow the link above and you'll see better pictures than I was able to take. We'd had clear sunny weather all trip, but the day we visited Stone Mountain it was shrouded in mist. My only pics are the not very good ones below. I didn't manage to capture the eerie moment when the veil parted briefly enough for Bobby Lee and his lieutenants to look critically down at me. Maybe that was better than a clear sunny day, in a way.

A terraced lawn slopes gently down to a reflecting pool at the base of the sheer mountainside. There is a mountain somewhere behind that cloud.

I took this one to try and give an idea of the scale. Left upper edge you can see cables above the treetops disappearing into the mist. Those belong to the cablecar that rides to the summit. (No, I didn't bother, there didn't seem much point in seeing the mist from a different angle.)

And finally, from next to the reflecting pool. You can make out the outline of the lower half of the great oval carving.

Salamanca at Warfare 2024

Last weekend found the OWS team at the Warfare show in Farnborough, UK. This is one of my favourite conventions. It used to be in Reading, which was more convenient, but I suppose the move to Farnborough means we get to meet some new people from further afield.

Our chosen participation game this year was Salamanca. We'd run it at OWS a couple of weeks earlier for our esteemed US guest, Vincent Tsao, of the Corlears Hook Fencibles, so we knew it was a good fun scenario. (See Vincent's write-up here.) It's also famous, colourful and eventful, making it a good choice to run at a show.

So indeed it proved, generating plenty of interest from show visitors. We were only able to tempt one player into actually rolling dice with us (we only attended on Sunday, which seems to be the day when people do a quick lap and buy stuff, rather than leisurely lingering to enjoy the games). But we still got to have good conversations with a lot of good folks, whether about the history, the game, the BBB rules, or the figures and terrain.  I'd like to take this opportunity to thank everyone who stopped by and helped to make it such a good day out.

As for the game: 

This classic battle will be familiar to many readers of this blog. In a nutshell: the opposing armies have been marching parallel, Wellington retreating towards Portugal, Marmont trying to race past and cut him off. Wellington stops retreating and attacks the French army while it is strung out on the march.

(The scenario is by Dr Mark Smith and will be one of 16 in a planned Peninsular War scenario book for BBB. Half of these battles are Spanish vs French; one Portuguese vs French; the other 7, British and allies vs French.)

In my usual format, 11 captioned photos tell the story below, followed by a few modest reflections.

A full battlefield panorama to get you oriented. It's the end of Turn 1. The French are in an 'L' shape on the hills along the left and top edges of the picture, with a division on the Greater Arapil (the single hill at the start of the stream, upper left). Thomieres' division has boldly continued its march to capture the village of Miranda de Azan (top right corner), earning the French an irretrievable Objective (Mark's cunning scenario device to encourage - but not compel - the French to replicate the historical risky French march). The Allied right wing (commanded by me) has responded by advancing onto the Pico de Miranda (the hilltop next to Miranda de Azan), while the bulk of the Allied army masses in front of the angle of the French 'L'. 

All figures, terrain and paraphernalia from Mark's collection. Figures are Baccus 6mm. White rectangles are location nameplates that we did for the show. Little red and blue ones are unit labels, ditto. White counters are objective locations. The French need to hold 3 at game end for a draw or 4+ for a win.

A closer view of the Allied left and centre (commanded by Mark). On the left, the Light Division (including Sharpe's Rifles, of course), supported by Bock's KGL cavalry, sits behind Campbell's division. They will spend all game trying to capture the village of Calvarassa (an Objective) from the French on the opposite ridge (the pipecleaners indicate that it is a steep slope). 4th Div is on the Lesser Arapil (centre right), waiting for the right moment to storm the Greater Arapil. Clinton's division (bottom right) will eventually move right to support our attack on El Sierro.

Closer view of the Allied right. Bradford and Pack's Portuguese occupy the village of Los Arapiles (centre left), anchoring my line as  it wheels forward. The yellow label denotes the one Spanish brigade present.

Zooming right in on Miranda de Azan and the Pico de Miranda. D'Urban's cavalry have crested the hill, supported by Power's Portuguese. Unfortunately, the bulk of Pakenham's 3rd Division (bottom left) was slow to move out. 'Slow' became something of a theme at this end of the battlefield ...

... as it took another 3 turns or so to wipe out Thomieres and capture the village (upper left), making time very tight for Pakenham to join in the final assault on El Sierro at the other end of the pitch. The Portuguese won't make it - they are about to drive off the French cavalry (bottom left) and pursue them off the board.

Here's how it looks from the French side of the hill. Two French divisions (bottom left and right) with artillery support are trying to stop the French left being rolled up by British heavy cavalry (left edge) and Hope's division. My Portuguese are still poised in Los Arapiles (top centre), about to support Hope by advancing against the lower right French. French fire was proving deadly, though - black counters denote French units with Low Ammo after delivering a deadly salvo/volley against Hope.

Meanwhile, on the French right, the Light Division (top right) is working its way around their flank but French artillery fire has deterred the KGL cavalry from supporting the Lights.

Pakenham's men taking an unconscionably long time to dress their ranks ...

Rolling up the French left is slow and bloody work. Most of Hope's division is gone, as are the two Portuguese brigades that advanced out of Los Arapiles. Hope's Portuguese brigade remains, supported by the heavy cavalry (bottom right corner), and will continue to drive back the French division in front of it. We had hoped that Clinton's division could join an attack on the Greater Arapil, but Mark has been obliged to commit it here (top left corner).

Late in the battle, Mark's attacks develop against Calvarassa (top left corner) and the Greater Arapil (top right). On the final turn, he mounts assaults against both these Objectives. Currently, the French hold four - enough for a French win. We need to retake one to draw or 2+ to turn defeat into victory.

The final act on the final turn. Both of Mark's assaults are repulsed. Everything rests on Clinton and the heavies, which have just smashed through a spent French division. All they need to do is overrun the French battery holding El Sierro. It's a fight at good odds - but not quite good enough! The French guns are forced to limber up and fall back, but we haven't driven them off the heights yet, so we can't claim the Objective. The French have won, damn their eyes!

Reflections:

Clever Victory Conditions. In my post last month about Cold Harbor, I reported how I had tried to be too clever with the victory conditions and departed from the tried and tested BBB formula. Mark's victory conditions for Salamanca are very effective: a typical formula of 7 objectives spread around the table, typical victory target for the French of 3 for a draw or 4 for a win - but with one important tweak, namely that the village of Miranda de Azan provides a 'highwater mark' objective that the French can never lose once they've reached it, even if the Allies recapture the village. This worked very well. (As did Mark's special rule for Marmont being wounded and replaced, as happened historically.)

Players Should All Use the Same Dice! When I run a game, I have a set of dice that are all the same type, and everyone uses these. If the dice are biased, at least the bias should affect everyone equally. Mark does similar but his dice are different colours: blue for the French, red for the British, yellow for the Austrians, green for the Russians ... having fought Salamanca twice as the British, I am convinced his blue dice have more sixes on them than the red ones!

Time I Bought a Battlemat? My plain green felt cloth has done good duty for a couple of decades but Mark's battlemat looks better and was part of the reason his layout attracted well deserved compliments. I feel a terrain investment coming on.

BBB: 10 Years of sharing the love!

 

It is 10 years since the publication of 'Bloody Big BATTLES!' in October 2014. I therefore feel I should mark the occasion with a few reflections.

We didn't set out to publish a ruleset. We just wanted to play some good games! This journey began 15 years ago with a remark by Dave Whaley in 2009, when he suggested we get back into wargaming the Franco-Prussian War. As the BBB introduction says:

'Our ambition this time round was clear: we wanted to tackle the major battles such as Gravelotte; to fit them on an 8’x4’ or smaller tabletop; and to fight them in their entirety, in a single evening, with typically 4 players. However, a survey of existing rules soon showed that there was nothing out there that quite met our requirements. Consequently we were obliged to write our own.'

After about three years, we had a solid set of rules that we were happy with and playing regularly - so happy, in fact, that we realised we ought to share the love and publish them. It then took another two or three years to refine and polish the rules until they were fit for publication, as well as writing and playtesting 25 scenarios to publish in the rulebook and in the companion 'Bloody Big European Battles!' scenario book.

BBB and BBEB were duly published 10 years ago. Their birth announcement was the first post on this BBBBlog. BBB was well received and obtained many positive reviews, which I have collected here. A lot has happened since then.

Most importantly, BBB itself met our stated ambition and has stood the test of time. Within our own core group at Oxford Wargames Society, it remains our staple diet, with someone running a BBB game at OWS virtually every week. We have refought literally 100s of different historical battles. The group itself has grown and thrived as wargamers of all persuasions are attracted by the happy gatherings in our corner of the village hall. It's great - we play a different battle, from a different war, producing a very different game, every week - without having to wrestle with a different ruleset each time. That plus a great bunch of mates has meant the past fifteen years have been the best in my wargaming life.

Nor is this just the niche obsession of a few Oxfordshire folk. BBB is not a commercial enterprise, simply an endeavour to share the love for wargaming big C19 battles, so there is no professional marketing effort to promote it. Nevertheless, the ripple effect of positive word-of-mouth has created a large global community of enthusiastic BBB players, as witness:

- 1,000 members of the BBB io group (join this and you can find lots of free scenarios and other useful stuff in the group files, including QR sheets in French, Italian and Hungarian!);

- 1,000 members of the BBB Facebook page (big thank you to Alan Millicheap for creating and maintaining this popular and active site).

That community includes a lot of excellent, seriously knowledgeable, creative people, many of whom have written scenarios and even additional BBB scenario books for their favourite campaigns. Let me list those published so far:

Bloody Big BALKAN Battles! (Dr Konstantinos Travlos)

Bloody Big Battles in INDIA! (Dr Mark Smith)

Bloody Big HUNGARY '48 Battles! (Chris Pringle)

NAPOLEON's Bloody Big Battles! (Dr Mark Smith)

Four more books on the Peninsular War, the American Civil War, and battles in Africa are in advanced stages of preparation. Further down the road, for those with more esoteric tastes, we hope to produce books on the Taiping Rebellion and the Russo-Japanese War. I'm sure it won't stop there: folks are tinkering with Seven Years War, Great Northern War, First World War ...

By popular demand, we also run an annual convention of BBB participation games, the BBB Bash Day. Its fifth iteration was in Daventry last year. You can find a report on it here, with links to reports on previous ones. Planning for the 2025 Bash Day has already begun, so watch this space.

So far, so good. What about other future plans? Maybe it's worth saying we are not planning to publish a 2nd Edition. Not to say there's nothing I would change - with the benefit of 15 years' experience, I can see things that could be refined - but the ruleset has proved so robust and popular that I don't feel a new edition is necessary.

What we are planning - and what I know will be popular - is to publish a pdf edition. This should be available via the SkirmishCampaigns website in the next few months.

There are so many people to thank: Dave Whaley for starting it all and being the heart and soul of BBB; Scott Fisher of SkirmishCampaigns for some crucial input early on and for publishing it; all the retailers who have supported BBB (especially Brigade Games and On Military Matters in the US; Caliver Books and North Star in the UK); the playtesters already acknowledged in the front of BBB; others who've joined our gang at OWS since - Luke & Ben A, Matt B, David B, Mark J, Crispin M, Bruce McC, Phil N, Nick O, Nigel S, Anton Van D; loyal partisans Alan Millicheap, Konstantinos Travlos and Vincent Tsao, for their invaluable support over the past decade; all my US buddies, especially Scott, Mark F, Rob G, CB and D Sean, who've indulged me running ACW BBB games for them (they have the right headgear, the right liquor, and the right accents); Jim Owczarski for bringing it to his Armchair Dragoons audience; and all you other great comrades I've met and interacted with at shows, online forums, etc., thanks to our shared enthusiasm.

Therefore, my heartfelt thanks to everyone for your support and encouragement over the years. That's what really makes it all worthwhile and motivates me and the gang to keep building the BBB project. Here's to the next ten years!

ACW: Cold Harbor - more than just a frontal assault

My previous post reported on our game of the 1862 battle of Seven Pines / Fair Oaks. That took place just across the Chickahominy from the battlefield that is the subject of this post: Cold Harbor (1864).

The background to the Cold Harbor battle is this. At the end of May 1864, Grant's Overland Campaign was stalled in front of Lee's formidable defences behind the North Anna river. After some inconclusive skirmishes dignified with the name of the Battle of North Anna, Grant decided to sidestep with a big left hook. Lee was expecting this, but Grant achieved some surprise by crossing the Pamunkey river further east than he anticipated. Nevertheless, Lee reacted quickly and established a defensive line around the Totopotomoy creek. Over several days, Grant and Meade attempted an alternating succession of frontal assaults and left or right outflanking moves, while Lee scrambled to plug gaps and either dig in or counterattack. The final Union assault at Cold Harbor was an assault too many and was bloodily repulsed. Nine days later, Grant upped sticks, marched away across the James River, and moved his strategic point of attack to Petersburg.

Unlike Seven Pines, Cold Harbor doesn't seem to be wargamed often. (Honorable exception being Greg Wagman, who's done it with his Altar of Freedom ruleset here.) Could that be because it is perceived as a grim, one-sided, misguided, failed frontal assault that cost the Union 4,000+ casualties in half an hour? Last year I devoted one of my "Reflections on Wargaming" essays to the question of whether frontally assaulting redoubts can make a good game. The answer was a qualified 'yes', but it needs some thoughtful scenario design to give both sides enough interesting things to do.

For Cold Harbor, my approach was not to limit the game to the climactic couple of days of frontal assaults, but to exploit BBB's elastic scale and stretch it to include all six days of action between the Pamunkey and the Chickahominy leading up to the final assaults. Rather than have five Night Intervals, I allowed just two to represent major strategic redeployment phases during the operation. I made the victory conditions revolve around the Union commanding crossings over the Chickahominy on the way to Richmond, while keeping its own line-of-communications bridges over the Pamunkey secure.

I took a ton of photos this time. I've selected and annotated about 20 below. If you don't have time or inclination to admire all of these, you might want to skip to the end to read some reflections prompted by the game.

First, some eternal military wisdom, presumably from Sun Tzu:

OK, back to more serious noodle-free matters, starting with a plan view of the whole battlefield to get you oriented:

This depicts a 26x18km stretch of country between the Pamunkey (top edge) and the Chickahominy (bottom edge). It's a bit hard to see the woods for the trees ... basically the irregular green-chalked shapes are open farmland, with a lot of woods in between, cris-crossed by a network of roads. Buildings are landmarks but not significant built-up areas. Because of the large ground scale and close country, I limited rifle range to 3" and artillery to 6".

The Union masses are the dark bases in the NW corner. They have the option to cross further east, but with some risk of delay. Mark and Matt as the Union commanders declined that and opted instead for the guaranteed, concentrated bludgeon, leaving just a couple of cavalry units to threaten the Confederate right flank.

The Confederates are in their historical starting positions, grouped in a rough central triangle where Lee held them until he could divine where the true threat was. Crispin and I commanded the Confederates. (Crispin also created the terrain, provided the armies - 6mm Baccus figures - and hosted the game.)

How long can the Confederate cavalry screen in front of Littlepage Bridge hold up the Federals?

Lee's men scramble to respond to the massive threat to their left. The cavalry have managed to fall back and throw up breastworks. They're already backed up by some of Hill's corps doing likewise. (The scenario allows troops to dig in.) Unfortunately, Early is going to be late ...

A different story on the right. Hardly any Union at all - just some cavalry at the Dabney Ferry on the Pamunkey (top left) and at top right on the road from Old Church to Cold Harbor. Unfortunately this is enough to distract most of Anderson's corps to guard New Cold Harbor (right centre) and screen the Pamunkey.

The main battle develops on the left. The Confederate cavalry survives a massed Union assault and falls back on its friends. Union columns probe left and right as the blue horde seeks to spread out into a battle line. Determined rebs await behind their hasty fortifications. (Away on the right wing, minor fencing continues.)

As we approach the first Night Interval (end of Turn 4), combat becomes intense. In battering at the front of the Confederate left wing, a Union division has exposed its flank to Confederate counterattack (the 'L' of CSA troops left of pic). This will go badly for the bluebellies. However, right of pic, a Union threat is developing against the thinly guarded rebel centre. (Again, the relatively quiet rebel right wing is not shown here.)

Situation at first Night Interval. Both sides have received reinforcements. 'Baldy' Smith's XVIII Cps has landed at Dabney Ferry to extend the Union left (top right of pic), while the Confederates have scraped together miscellaneous units from Richmond and beyond to shore up their own left. Just out of shot to the right, that one Union cavalry division is still loitering, threatening to seize either Old or New Cold Harbor and drawing off Confederate units to protect them. Apart from that - it's a Thin Grey Line facing an awful lot of Yankees.

Part 2 starts with a bang. The Union weights its right to pound the rebel defences in front of Winston's Bridge, only to be repelled and then counterattacked in flank ...

... while something very similar happens against the Confederate centre left, east of McKenzie's Corner. The Union hammers away against the Confederate left wing for three turns with little reward.

However, war has broken out in earnest on the Confederate right. Two Union divisions smash through in the centre and then assault a desperate blocking attempt by Confederate cavalry (lower left) covering Mechanicsville (out of shot beyond lower left corner) . The first of several more Union divisions are emerging from the woods along the top edge and will drive back the few Confederate defenders in that sector and advance towards Cold Harbor (lower right). And those Union cavalry are still hanging around out east.

Close-up of that Union assault on Fitzhugh Lee's cavalry. They survived! But had to quit the position.

The second Night Interval has been and gone. No reinforcements this time, just some frantic shuffling of units to reinforce success or fill holes. Turn 8 now, and it's the same story as before as the Union right keeps bashing its head against a grey wall.

On the opposite wing, Lee has found one of his best divisions from somewhere to smash into that dangerous Union incursion in the centre (left of pic). That will prove enough to thwart it. But look at that lone artillery unit guarding New Cold Harbor (lower right edge) and the Union cavalry above it.

The Union cavalrymen decide it's now or never. Sabres flashing, they charge the Confederate guns! Will this be their moment? Will they capture that white Objective marker? No - the gunners hold their nerve; the cavalry is repulsed.

"Here they come agin, boys!" The last couple of turns see more waves of general assault against the Confederate left, mostly with the same lack of result. However, watch the unit in the centre with the red counter (half-strength artillery unit) and the black counter (infantry low on ammo) along with Bobby Lee's command stand (the cavalry base behind it). More about that soon.

Close-up of some of those massed assaults. Ever felt outnumbered?

See Lee flee! That unit with the low ammo? On the last turn, it cracked under the pressure, abandoned its earthworks, lost its guns, and retreated across the Chickahominy, taking General Lee with it. Too little too late for the Union, though, as there wasn't time to follow up and capture the bridge.

Let's finish with a couple of shots from the Union point of view:

The Confederate right is looking very ragged and threadbare. Baldy Smith's men have breached it thoroughly (from the lower right of pic) and are advancing into undefended open country, but too late to reach the objectives near the Chickahominy. Top left, the Union cavalry makes one last charge and expires.

The Confederate left isn't in great shape either, that line looking seriously dented and buckled in places. However, it has held for just long enough to claim victory.

The butcher's bill: at 2,000 men per base, that's a lot of Union casualties. (The Confederate pile was much smaller.) Of course, most of these 36,000 aren't dead or wounded - a lot of them are just seriously demotivated - but it's sanguinary enough to do justice to the historical losses of around 13,000.

Reflections:

Don't Try to be Too Clever, Part I: Victory Conditions. Usually, BBB scenarios feature half a dozen or so objective locations, mostly spread across the middle of the table (typically representing the extent to which an attacker has or hasn't breached, broken or outflanked a defender's line) with maybe a couple near one or both sides' baselines to represent lines of communications. This time I opted simply for river crossings or locations commanding them: four along the Chickahominy (the Confederate edge) and two on the Pamunkey (the Union edge). This didn't really work as there was little prospect of the rebs threatening the Union edge, while the Union got no reward for getting close. The guys rightly recommended I revert to a more normal format with intermediate objectives. Second draft will do this and stick to what we know works.

Don't Try to be Too Clever, Part II: Union Entry Points. I tried to recreate the doubt in Lee's mind by recreating Grant's options of where to cross. However, the way I did this just made crossing upriver a much better idea than the historical crossings further down (and I don't think this was really because we're smarter than Grant). I'm going to redraft it so that most of the Union forces must arrive via one of the two main historical crossings, while giving the US players free choice over just one corps. That should be limited enough to keep it simple for the players, while still allowing some flexibility for cunning plans.

The Bludgeon and the Rapier. While those major strategic questions need tweaking, the lower-level stuff felt good: the balance of forces, the troop ratings, the terrain, the limited LOS. It produced the right tactical feel, with the two sides having to play it differently. The Union, with over 50% numerical advantage but needing to advance, was constantly trying to pummel and envelop; the Confederates, with a quality advantage but barely enough units to hold the line, had to choose judiciously when and where to counterattack. It also produced a well balanced game overall (VPs aside) and was close enough to the historical result in terms of casualties inflicted and ground taken.

Wargame or Boardgame? People occasionally say that once a tabletop game gets to this ground and troop scale, you might as well play a boardgame with counters. I disagree. I think the format of this scenario (and others at a similar scale - thinking here of Chancellorsville or Spotsylvania, and hoping to repeat it for the Seven Days Battles and for Petersburg) lets it straddle the line between tactical and operational level. The Night Intervals, with a scenario rule for strategic redeployment, brings in those large operational decisions; but then the regular turns in between are normal tactical tabletop wargaming. It works for us, anyway.